class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # GEOG 470 Urban Geography ] .subtitle[ ## Economic geography ] .author[ ### Matthew Haffner, PhD ] --- class:inverse ## Economic geography ### Von Thunen Model ### Industrial Location ### Central Place Theory ### Losch Hierarchy ### Contemporary spatial optimization --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) ] .pull-right-60[ ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/styles/og_image/public/2020-06/RS2085_food-agriculture-topic.jpg?itok=cM6jCv9Q' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/06130427/SEI_89824138.jpg?crop=16:9,smart&width=1200&height=675&upscale=true' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Hoogovens.JPG' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://facts.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/49-facts-about-magnitogorsk-1689397879.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[Magnitogorsk, Russia] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) or land uses (e.g., agricultural, residential, or manufacturing) ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://photos.zillowstatic.com/fp/118819899299022f1a79611773a87f18-p_e.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) or land uses (e.g., agricultural, residential, or manufacturing) ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fit,q_60,w_645/0c9222b80e5aece3094da5760c5f37d0.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) or land uses (e.g., agricultural, residential, or manufacturing) - Models vary in scale and applicability ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://image.slideserve.com/384787/slide3-n.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - Models often focus on particular economic activities (e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) or land uses (e.g., agricultural, residential, or manufacturing) - Models vary in scale and applicability ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://geo-mexico.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/fig-24-5-central-places.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography - No single model is comprehensive ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/91NqNES0bKL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- <div align = 'center'> <iframe width='1366' src='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aleph_(short_story)' height='625' frameborder='0' allow='accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture' allowfullscreen> </iframe> </div> --- class:inverse,center,transition ## Von Thunen Model --- .pull-left-40[ ## Von Thunen Model - Describes spatial patterns of agriculture ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Von_Th%C3%BCnen_circles_city.svg/1024px-Von_Th%C3%BCnen_circles_city.svg.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Von Thunen Model - Describes spatial patterns of agriculture based on (a) transportation cost and (b) yield ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Von_Th%C3%BCnen_circles_city.svg/1024px-Von_Th%C3%BCnen_circles_city.svg.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Von Thunen Model - Describes spatial patterns of agriculture based on (a) transportation cost and (b) yield 1. Dairy and market gardening 2. Forest for fuel 3. Grains and field crops 4. Ranching ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Von_Th%C3%BCnen_circles_city.svg/1024px-Von_Th%C3%BCnen_circles_city.svg.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- <br> .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='../img/von-thunen.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] --- class:inverse,center,transition ## Industrial location --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Industrial location - Developed by German economist and geographer Alfred Weber ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alfred_weber_1868%E2%80%931958.png/1024px-Alfred_weber_1868%E2%80%931958.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Industrial location - Developed by German economist and geographer Alfred Weber - Younger brother of sociologist Max Weber ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/76/The_City_%28book%29.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Industrial location - Optimal industry location is determined by (a) labor costs, (b) transportation costs, and (c) and proximity to related industries ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://transportgeography.org/wp-content/uploads/weber_location_triangle.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Industrial location - Optimal industry location is determined by (a) labor costs, (b) transportation costs, and (c) and proximity to related industries - Developed the idea of agglomeration economies ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://geography4u.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/webers-theory-of-industrial-location-scaled.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Industrial location - Optimal industry location is determined by (a) labor costs, (b) transportation costs, and (c) and proximity to related industries - Developed the idea of agglomeration economies ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KRrTgUEe1Lk?si=J2ULlbcpCSTqd1OL" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> ] ] --- class:inverse # Activity - Consider how vertical farming and hydroponics might play out in the context of von Thuen's model and the theory of industrial location. <div class="countdown" id="timer_a8821ca4" data-update-every="1" data-start-immediately="true" tabindex="0" style="right:0;bottom:0;"> <div class="countdown-controls"><button class="countdown-bump-down">−</button><button class="countdown-bump-up">+</button></div> <code class="countdown-time"><span class="countdown-digits minutes">02</span><span class="countdown-digits colon">:</span><span class="countdown-digits seconds">00</span></code> </div> --- class:inverse,center,transition ## Central Place Theory --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Central Place Theory - Cities as systems ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Boris-Michel/publication/313440718/figure/fig1/AS:530106927063040@1503398748839/The-depiction-of-nested-hexagons-in-Christallers-central-place-theory-Christaller.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Central Place Theory - Cities as systems - Central places and the hinterland ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Boris-Michel/publication/313440718/figure/fig1/AS:530106927063040@1503398748839/The-depiction-of-nested-hexagons-in-Christallers-central-place-theory-Christaller.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Central Place Theory - Cities as systems - Central places and the hinterland - Higher/lower order goods ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Boris-Michel/publication/313440718/figure/fig1/AS:530106927063040@1503398748839/The-depiction-of-nested-hexagons-in-Christallers-central-place-theory-Christaller.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- class:inverse # Activity Assuming that buying online is not an option. What is the maximum amount of time from Eau Claire you are willing to drive to buy the following: 1. Groceries 2. A bicycle 3. Gas for your car 4. A guitar 5. Ice cream --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Central Place Theory - Cities as systems - Central places and the hinterland - Higher/lower order goods ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://i0.wp.com/transportgeography.org/wp-content/uploads/central_places_theory2.png?resize=900%2C504&ssl=1' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Central Place Theory - Cities as systems - Central places and the hinterland - Higher/lower order goods ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://slideplayer.com/slide/13925598/85/images/9/It%E2%80%99s+11+miles+between+Carlisle+and+Mechanicsburg.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- <br><br> .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780080449104008439-gr1.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] --- <br> .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://transportgeography.org/wp-content/uploads/central_places_variations.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] --- <!-- one column web map (start) --> <div id="htmlwidget-c2af4ea985c60e7d346f" style="width:100%;height:625px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div> <script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-c2af4ea985c60e7d346f">{"x":{"options":{"crs":{"crsClass":"L.CRS.EPSG3857","code":null,"proj4def":null,"projectedBounds":null,"options":{}}},"calls":[{"method":"addTiles","args":["https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",null,null,{"minZoom":0,"maxZoom":18,"tileSize":256,"subdomains":"abc","errorTileUrl":"","tms":false,"noWrap":false,"zoomOffset":0,"zoomReverse":false,"opacity":1,"zIndex":1,"detectRetina":false,"attribution":"© <a href=\"https://openstreetmap.org/copyright/\">OpenStreetMap<\/a>, <a href=\"https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/\">ODbL<\/a>"}]}],"setView":[[38.61585793481247,-90.18540603125692],6,[]]},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script> <!-- one column web map (end) --> --- class:inverse # Activity - Find examples of CPT on the landscape through settlement size and distance from other settlements. --- class:inverse,center,transition ## Lösch Hierarchy --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Lösch Hierarchy - A flexible version of Central Place Theory ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780080449104008439-gr2.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ## Economic geography ### Lösch Hierarchy - A flexible version of Central Place Theory ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7572-0_20/MediaObjects/978-1-4419-7572-0_20_Fig12_HTML.gif' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] ] --- class:inverse,center,transition ## Contemporary spatial optimization --- .pull-left-40[ ### Contemporary spatial optimization #### Network analysis ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Leonhard_Euler.jpg/800px-Leonhard_Euler.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[Leonhard Euler] ] ] --- .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-TURr0cfKkQQ/W2ndhCky6CI/AAAAAAABX-M/Id_0GtfgMb00Gsy5jCyChpqsT1ZWcRmaACHMYCw/konigsberg-1581-22?imgmax=1600' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] --- .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://cdn.britannica.com/77/74877-050-F5DD4C34/Leonhard-Euler-route-each-question-bridges-Swiss.jpg' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] --- <br> <br> .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pawel-Boguslawski/publication/265219734/figure/fig3/AS:652964947558402@1532690383480/The-Koenigsberg-bridge-problem-a-seven-bridges-of-Koenigsberg-b-graph-representation.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[] ] --- .pull-left-40[ ### Contemporary spatial optimization #### Network analysis - Nodes (vertices) - Edges (paths) - Cost (impedance) ] .pull-right-60[ .center[ <div style='max-height:625px'> <img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png' height='100%' /> </div> .small[Graph theory] ] ] --- class:inverse # Activity - Add/remove edges/nodes from the Konigsberg bridge problem to see if you can determine the rule for what makes an Euler circuit! --- class:inverse # Activity - How do each of the models apply in terms of land use/economic activities? - How do they apply in terms of scale?