GEOG 470 Urban Geography

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.title[
# GEOG 470 Urban Geography
]
.subtitle[
## Urban form
]
.author[
### Matthew Haffner, PhD
]

---

---
class:inverse

## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

### Hoyt's Sector Model

### Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

### James Vance's Urban Realms Model

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

Each has
  - A static model of urban land use structure
  - A dynamic explanation for change

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2212095519300653-gr2.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

- Help explain patterns on the landscape

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://martinfleischmann.net/posts/images/case_illustrations-1024x761.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

- Help explain patterns on the landscape

- Closely linked to transportation methods

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://res.cloudinary.com/dragonspell/images/w_480,h_600,c_fill,dpr_auto,fl_progressive:steep,f_auto/w_480,h_600/v1571684809/www.travelportland.com/streetcar2/streetcar2.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model
]

.pull-right-60[

]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model
- Developed by Ernest Burgess (sociologist) at the University of Chicago (1925)
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://live.staticflickr.com/828/41775249962_a215bff6e9_z.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model
- Developed by Ernest Burgess (sociologist) at the University of Chicago (1925)

- Heavily influenced by "human ecology" in the Chicago School
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://images.mnstatic.com/b8/4e/b84e62fef41c0e0becbd7cdca832dfc7.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model
- _Dominant transportation mode: walking_
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://transportationhistoryorg.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/omnibus_by_eug%C3%A8ne_atget_1910.jpeg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Horse-drawn omnibus]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model
- _Dominant transportation mode: walking_
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://scontent-msp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/279912707_971810203514500_5380516592284615988_n.jpg?_nc_cat=104&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=c83dfd&_nc_ohc=a9Rm4780j5cAX_nLxYw&_nc_ht=scontent-msp1-1.xx&oh=00_AfCg5xq3dgvoqRgonb8d6OMbfPVJ29uYE3uup0E4qOCA4g&oe=65D8AA9C' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Horse-drawn omnibus]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model
- _Dominant transportation mode: walking_
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://urbandesignlab.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/burgess_urban_model.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

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.pull-left-40[
## Models of urban form

### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model
- _Dominant transportation mode: walking_

- _Dynamic process: invasion and succession_
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit; transform:rotate(90deg)' src='../img/invasion-01.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

- Zone 1: CBD - downtown
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.simplypsychology.org/wp-content/uploads/Concentric-Zone-Model.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

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.pull-left-40[
### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

- Zone 1: CBD - downtown

- Zone 2: Factory zone - heavy industry
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

- Zone 1: CBD - downtown

- Zone 2: Factory zone - heavy industry

- Zone 3: Zone of transition - transient/socially excluded groups
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

- Zone 1: CBD - downtown

- Zone 2: Factory zone - heavy industry

- Zone 3: Zone of transition - transient/socially excluded groups

- Zone 4: Working class zone - second generation working class
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

- Zone 1: CBD - downtown

- Zone 2: Factory zone - heavy industry

- Zone 3: Zone of transition - transient/socially excluded groups

- Zone 4: Working class zone - second generation working class
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

- Zone 5: Zone of better residences

]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Burgess' Concentric Ring Model

- Zone 5: Zone of better residences

- Zone 6: Commuter Zone - single family housing

]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='../img/hoyt-01.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://spowers.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/0/9/26097997/5154975_orig.gif' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://o.quizlet.com/55fN-az1Pl5TH1LflZDr3A_b.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://geographycasestudysite.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/null17.png?w=601&h=448' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

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.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)

- _Dominant transportation mode (1): cable car_
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/11_Cable_Car_on_Powell_St_crop%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg/1200px-11_Cable_Car_on_Powell_St_crop%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)

- _Dominant transportation mode (1): cable car_
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<iframe width="560" height="315"
src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lazLKSLszuY?si=EKjcQ53wJUgE0AVt"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay;
clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen></iframe>
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)

- _Dominant transportation mode (1): cable car_

- Huge initial investment
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/San_Francisco_Cable_Car_Power_House.jpg/1280px-San_Francisco_Cable_Car_Power_House.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)

- _Dominant transportation mode (1): cable car_

- Huge initial investment

- Distance constraints
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://i0.wp.com/www.streetcar.org/wp-content/uploads/map-170714.png?ssl=1' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

]
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.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)

- _Dominant transportation mode (1): cable car_

- _Dominant transportation mode (2): streetcar_

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://ggwash.org/images/posts/201602-081938.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

]
]

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.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- Developed by land economist Homer Hoyt (1939)

- _Dominant transportation mode (1): cable car_

- _Dominant transportation mode (2): streetcar_

- ~ $0.10 round trip (Equivalent to about $1.29 today)

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://media.voicemap.me/uploads/sound_bite/image/62073/original/16_Barstow_Street_in_1910.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- _Dominant transportation mode (2): streetcar_

- ~ $0.10 round trip (Equivalent to about $1.29 today)

- 10 mile radius

]

]
]

---

.pull-left[
<div>
<img src='https://compote.slate.com/images/5e727372-8b95-424f-88ae-207d7d2ff846.jpg' height='625' />
</div>
]

.pull-right[
<div>
<img src='https://i0.wp.com/thesource.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/new-map-for-twitter-scaled.jpeg?ssl=1' height='625' />
</div>
]

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.pull-left[
<div>
<img src='https://chicagoinmaps.com/cimimages/CSL1938mapMR.jpg' height='625' />
</div>
]

.pull-right[
<div>
<img src='https://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/6/ctamap_Lsystem.png' height='625' />
</div>
]

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.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Street_railway_journal_%281896%29_%2814575034428%29.jpg/1280px-The_Street_railway_journal_%281896%29_%2814575034428%29.jpg' height='350' />
<img src='https://www.metrostlouis.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/metrolink-schematic-map-1.jpg' height='250' />
<div>
]

---

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- _Dynamic process: filtering_

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Homer_hoyt1.png/1200px-Homer_hoyt1.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
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---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- _Dynamic process: filtering_

- Construction of homes for the wealthiest leads to outmigration
]

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.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- _Dynamic process: filtering_

- Construction of homes for the wealthiest leads to outmigration

- Their previous properties are occupied by people of slightly lower SES status
]

---

.pull-left-40[
### Hoyt's Sector Model

- _Dynamic process: filtering_

- Households "filter" up the housing scale
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://imagescdn.homes.com/i2/y6R5qR1bDNCLDMoAIUQ_bsf8XI3_Lz2X_LYETrJLyYA/111/orenco-station-hillsboro-or-3.jpg?p=1' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Orenco Station, Hillsboro, Oregon]
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://6amcity.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/ff399be/2147483647/strip/true/crop/968x545+1+0/resize/1000x563!/quality/90/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fk1-prod-sixam-city.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2Fbrightspot%2F5d%2F5b%2Fc7a760e7ffed7c5805a14011e853%2Fwordpress-image.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Kansas City, Missouri]
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://urbanmilwaukee.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IMG_2296.jpeg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.cincinnati.com/gcdn/presto/2020/07/07/PCIN/30df3e10-34e0-48f5-96b8-834051316f31-CoronaMasks4.JPG' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Cincinnati, Ohio]
]

---

class:inverse
## Activity
### Urban form

- Look for evidence in modern US cities of Burgess's zonal model and Hoyt's sector model

---

.pull-left-40[
## Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

- Developed by urban geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman (1945)
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366933525/figure/fig3/AS:11431281111661815@1673094991687/Harris-and-Ullmans-Multiple-Nuclei-Model-of-Urbanization-Source-Pearland-Independent.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

- Developed by urban geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman (1945)

- Did not assume a flat landscape but did assume equal distribution of
resources, transportation costs
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://scontent-msp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.6435-9/101379866_280740686621249_3689015021909573632_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=dd63ad&_nc_ohc=mjLdLsZkE7kAX-Ioi8_&_nc_ht=scontent-msp1-1.xx&oh=00_AfAkDWZbzcg826_OsDDszT-MziuDkYK1HDblN0wbB80PPw&oe=65FB8EC2' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

- Cities do not grow around a single nucleus
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

- Cities do not grow around a single nucleus

- Land uses cluster due to mutual advantage
]

---

### Denton, TX

.pull-left[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55e7088de4b004a111a77d4c/1441640307470-CNAMB7JRLGPACPE3MJHV/IMG_2320+copy.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
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.pull-right[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/55e7088de4b004a111a77d4c/1561077606964-GEKDZ17IS2E228XB13H5/Recycled_MG_5401.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
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]

---

### Fayetteville, AR

.pull-left[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://scontent-msp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/326363999_3295119690700029_7375915828392474550_n.jpg?_nc_cat=107&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=783fdb&_nc_ohc=CJtz5G9kLKYAX-B0W-i&_nc_ht=scontent-msp1-1.xx&oh=00_AfCFjFV9Xb_LRTL4-dti89YjjY-ADM6GSQa4uA0b20Rq5A&oe=65D92988' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
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.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://media.tegna-media.com/assets/KFSM/images/057cb7ec-48ff-4a72-9c6b-1464541f58cc/057cb7ec-48ff-4a72-9c6b-1464541f58cc_750x422.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

- _Dynamic process: mutual attraction and repulsion_

]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

- _Dynamic process: mutual attraction and repulsion_

- _Dominant form of transportation: personal automobile_

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://strawpoll.com/images/rankings/1024/eNg6oYNwZAk-kogjVeXKg6M-c.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## James Vance's Urban Realms model

- Independent nodes of development

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://worldgeographyindonesia.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/vance.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

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.pull-left-40[
## James Vance's Urban Realms model

- Independent nodes of development

- Suburbs are not appendages attached to the central city

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Tysons_Corner_Sunset_.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## James Vance's Urban Realms model

- Independent nodes of development

- Suburbs are not appendages attached to the central city

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://thecityfix.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/5495308982_87a9e64a7b_z_VaDOT.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

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.pull-left-40[
## James Vance's Urban Realms model

- _Dominant transportation mode: Mega-personal automobile_

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Superman_monster_truck.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

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.pull-left-40[
## James Vance's Urban Realms model

- _Dominant transportation mode: airports?_

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107177246-1673454132712-gettyimages-1246154739-AFP_336V8DZ.jpeg?v=1682946269' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

## James Vance's Urban Realms model

- https://statisticalatlas.com/state/California/Population