GEOG 470 Urban Geography

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# GEOG 470 Urban Geography
]
.subtitle[
## The emergence of cities
]
.author[
### Matthew Haffner, PhD
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## How old are cities?
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk%2C_7400_BC%2C_Konya%2C_Turkey_-_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site%2C_08.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Çatalhöyük, Turkey]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## How old are cities?
- 6000 years
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://smarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/15193932456_8b78ee9ff3.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Çatalhöyük, Turkey]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## How old are cities?
- 6000 years
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/artist-reconstruction1.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Çatalhöyük, Turkey]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Preconditions to urban formation
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://cdn.britannica.com/24/234324-050-06F7B0E3/Dhi-Qar-Iraq-2022-Ziggurat-of-Ur-Sumerian-period.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Ziggurat of Ur, Nasiriyah, Iraq]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Preconditions to urban formation
- Agriculture
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Preconditions to urban formation
- Agriculture
- Civilization
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nqW2TzCTqds/VC2B9w4THiI/AAAAAAAALbY/Jfhf1ooCgms/s1600/Erbil-Citadel-Aerial.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Arbela (modern day Erbil, Iraq)]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Preconditions to urban formation
- Agriculture
- Civilization
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## How old are cities?
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://cdn.britannica.com/45/196945-050-CCF8BD72/Temple-of-Saturn-Arch-Septimius-Severus-Forum.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Ancient Rome]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://image.hurimg.com/i/hurriyet/75/0x0/59c97cea45d2a027e83d73f8.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Tools from Çatalhöyük]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://www.civitatis.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/templo-luxor-egipto.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Temple of Luxor in Egypt]
]
]

---

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
- Defensive needs
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://www.al-monitor.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_header/public/almpics/2015/10/uruk.jpg/uruk.jpg?h=f7822858&itok=N6lG2b_S' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Walls of Uruk (modern day Iraq)]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
- Defensive needs
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg/800px-1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Carcassonne, France]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
- Defensive needs
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ramparts_of_Essaouira.JPG/1280px-Ramparts_of_Essaouira.JPG' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Essaouira, Morocco]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
- Defensive needs
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac%2C_Quebec_city%2C_Canada.jpg/1200px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac%2C_Quebec_city%2C_Canada.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Quebec City, Quebec]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
- Defensive needs
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Intramuros_002.JPG' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Intramuros, Manila, Philippines]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
- Defensive needs
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EC%84%B1%EB%82%99%EC%82%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%84.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Seoul, South Korea]
]
]

---

---

.pull-left-40[
## Theories of urban formation
- Social power
- Agricultural surplus -> division of labor
- Religion
- Defensive needs
- Trading requirements
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
]
]

---
class:inverse,center,transition

## Rome's Contribution to Urban Development

---

.pull-left-40[
## Rome's Contribution to Urban Development
- At its height it contained 1 million people over 8 square miles
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://maps-rome.com/img/0/ancient-rome-city-map.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Rome's Contribution to Urban Development
- At its height it contained 1 million people over 8 square miles
- Constructed 7 walls, the largest of which spanned 11.5 miles in circumference
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://maps-rome.com/img/0/ancient-rome-city-map.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Rome's Contribution to Urban Development
### Mass housing
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/dimension=1040x10000:format=jpg/path/s2217cd0bb1220415/image/i311de1caed263909/version/1686285740/roman-houses.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Rome's Contribution to Urban Development
### Mass housing
### Roman forum
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://media.tacdn.com/media/attractions-splice-spp-674x446/12/3f/5a/c6.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Rome's Contribution to Urban Development
### Mass housing
### Roman forum
### Public monuments
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div>
<img src='https://www.romesightseeing.net/media/lyjnyesu/pyramid-of-cestius.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=1200&height=800&rnd=132571962073200000' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[Pyramid of Cestius]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
## Rome's Contribution to Urban Development
### Mass housing
### Roman forum
### Public monuments
### Complex social geography
]

.pull-right-60[

- Tremendous amounts of social diversity
- The need for planning
  - One-way streets
  - Height limits
  - 264 miles of aqueduct to move sewage

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/wss-aqueduct-roman-france_0.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*gfzxEKbwzFDI8L-h2FQSrw.jpeg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.nationsonline.org/gallery/italy/Piazza-Navona.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://blog.goway.com/globetrotting/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Beautiful-cityscape-of-Rome-taken-from-the-top-of-Castel-Sant-Angelo-Rome-Italy_324683966.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

---

class:inverse,center,transition

## Other major ancient cities

---

.pull-left-30[
# Baghdad
- Founded 762 AD
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/982a0bda752d6b3ad3b0587aba6541f8ac6d5fac/533_0_3367_2022/master/3367.jpg?width=1200&height=900&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=9529b427d92e6089370b31183518fb06' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
# Baghdad
- Founded 762 AD
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://cdn.britannica.com/93/58693-050-531A0563/Baghdad-district-Rusafah-mosque-Al-Karkh-foreground-Haydar.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
# Baghdad
- Founded 762 AD
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2016/04/19/16/baghdad-1.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D4E12AQEtLIE9m8dG3w/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1662388645182?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=uNBvGpTtMxmKKwESDHIk94DLDS2X1FukCgt4OoH95dc' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Constantinople
- Founded 330 AD
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tXbJEajzydw/WouZ6pkYzII/AAAAAAAAm6w/qsEjbQPr5zEv52V2tF4NRSeNNuFDBwa5gCLcBGAs/s1600/constantinople.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Constantinople
- Founded 330 AD
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://cdn.getyourguide.com/img/tour/5a632eb14ab3f.jpeg/145.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://rodinistanbul.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/day-trips-from-istanbul-copy.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Xi'an

- Founded 202 BC
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://cdn.britannica.com/19/94119-050-DC0E0606/Lanterns-flags-Xian-city-wall-China-Shaanxi.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Xi'an

- Founded 202 BC
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[

<div id="htmlwidget-1c1b43634ec7299a8965" style="width:100%;height:625px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Xi'an

- Founded 202 BC
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://globalvolunteers.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/terracotta-army.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Terracotta_Army%2C_View_of_Pit_1.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Tenochtitlan
- Founded 1325
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Conquista-de-Tenochtitlan-Mexico.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Tenochtitlan
- Founded 1325
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Tenochtitlan
- Founded 1325
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://scontent-msp1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/360092604_802932391489333_4206993374247585400_n.jpg?_nc_cat=110&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=a73e89&_nc_ohc=75e-49HmTcEAX_lPsno&_nc_ht=scontent-msp1-1.xx&oh=00_AfB-FLQgw4479pFcpOpzQDEnEU-ziWG9xWvdzt5Jw0_20Q&oe=65D012FA' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-30[
## Tenochtitlan
- Founded 1325
]

.pull-right-70[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/812bCWhIkoL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---
class:inverse, center,transition

## Emergence of cities

### Murca

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Site

- Availability of water, food, good soils, a quality harbor
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/87000/87220/conus_gis_1998.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Site

- Availability of water, food, good soils, a quality harbor
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://dci832c741skk.cloudfront.net/assets/files/8991/dairy-farm.800x600.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Site

- Availability of water, food, good soils, a quality harbor
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[

<div id="htmlwidget-4a2d1f54ac9227191078" style="width:100%;height:625px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Site

- Availability of water, food, good soils, a quality harbor
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[

<div id="htmlwidget-7a3d358a45b5c950ab65" style="width:100%;height:625px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Situation

- External elements that favor growth
  - E.g., Distance to other cities, centrality, defensibility
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[

<div id="htmlwidget-1314c2916047935c90f5" style="width:100%;height:625px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Situation

- External elements that favor growth
  - E.g., Distance to other cities, centrality, defensibility
      - Non-example: Washington, D.C.
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[The Burning of Washington, War of 1812]
]
]

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Situation

- External elements that favor growth
  - E.g., Distance to other cities, centrality, defensibility
      - Non-example: Washington, D.C.
]

.pull-right-60[
.center[

<div id="htmlwidget-8f6a08aa0a52ac93b9ef" style="width:100%;height:625px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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]
]

---

---

.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Break of bulk points

- Where cargo is unloaded from a ship, truck, barge, or train

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7009/6464681311_d4ff6ab72b.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]
]

---
.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Break of bulk points

- Where cargo is unloaded from a ship, truck, barge, or train

- Most large US cities fit this bill

]

.pull-right-60[
.center[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.ajot.com/images/uploads/article/PANYNJ_9-19_aerials.jpg' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]
]

---
.pull-left-40[
# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Break of bulk points

- Where cargo is unloaded from a ship, truck, barge, or train

- Most large US cities fit this bill

]

.pull-right-60[
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<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-a8fb4e8c9b00395aabf487e3a7dbeb3a' height='100%' />
</div>
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# Emergence of cities

## USA

### Break of bulk points

- Where cargo is unloaded from a ship, truck, barge, or train

- Most large US cities fit this bill

]

.pull-right-60[
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JLg1_dnWXR8?si=C-pjUp4QLFxzDsva" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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# Question

- What are the world's largest airports by cargo traffic?

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<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://i.insider.com/570d5092dd089568298b4978?width=1200format=jpeg&auto=webp' height='100%' />
</div>
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# Question

- What are the world's largest airports by passenger traffic?

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# Activity

- Compare the spatial patterns of these two maps:
  - https://www.shipmap.org
  - https://callumprentice.github.io/apps/flight_stream/index.html

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.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='https://www.metroplanning.org/uploads/cms/images/chicago_freight_rail_yard_smaller_credit_flickr_dgphilli.jpg/image-full;max$1278,0.ImageHandler' height='100%' />
</div>
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